Democracy in Indonesia Essay - 2747 Words

Democracy in Indonesia It seems to me that, if it is admitted that some day we may be forced to have some form of democracy in Siam, we must prepare ourselves gradually. We must learn and educate ourselves. We must learn and experiment so as to have a better idea of how a parliamentary government would work in Siam. We must try to educate people to be politically conscious, to realize their interests so they will not be misled by agitators of mere dreamers of Utopia. If we have a parliament, we must teach the people how to vote and elect representatives who will really have their interests at heart. King Prachatipok of Siam, 1927 When the Berlin Wall fell the world thought with the assistance of a superpower that†¦show more content†¦The stability of democracy depends on the loss of this disparity between classes (Singer, p. 53). Some of these structures were in place between 1974-1990 when the number of new democracies increased suddenly. However, since the early 1990s the increase has slowed considerably. Fourteen centuries ago Aristotle in The Politics asked, What is the best constitution and what is the best life for the majority of states and majority of men? (Aristotle, p.265) Aristotle believed that there wasinsecurity at the extremes and that the middle citizens in a state are the most secure... (Aristotle, p.267) Hence a state which operates through the middle people has the best chance of having a well-run constitution. (Aristotle, p.267) The middle class (hoi mesoi translates, those in the middle of moderate wealth) are most likely to have a free government. (Mulgan, p.108). The middle class are unlikely to have another class opposed to them as the rich and the poor are to each other, and most importantly the middle class is more likely to achieve stability. They act as a buffer between the rich and poor, and provide the only hope for government consented by all citizens, rich middle class, and poor alike (Mulgan, p.110). The mediator is the one in the middle, hence the most likely to be trusted (Aristotle, p.274). Aristotle realized the role of political and economic divisions inShow MoreRelatedDictatorship to Democracy Overnight in Indonesia1315 Words   |  6 PagesDictatorship to Democracy Overnight Indonesia is a country in Southeast Asia that was under a military dictatorship for 32 years. The dictatorship era started after the failure of communist coup d’à ©tat by Indonesia’s Communist Party in 1966. 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2016 Outlook For Automotive M A - 1296 Words

The 2016 Outlook for Automotive MA The easy-money policy of the Federal Reserve and the cash-swollen balance sheets of corporations and private equity firms alike contributed to an explosion of deal-making in 2015. Long term growth in vehicle production and the positive outlook for vehicle sales over the next five years have made automotive one of the leading sectors for MA. We expect deal activity in the automotive sector to remain strong during 2016, but to taper off from 2015 levels. The biggest factor that will suppress deal activity this year is the impending interest rate increase by the Federal Reserve. Other deal-squelching factors include geopolitical instability (e.g., in the Middle East and Russia) and the relative scarcity of companies that can be purchased at bargain prices. Favorable Conditions Exist for Automotive MA Even though macroeconomic factors will have a chilling effect on deal activity, automotive is likely to remain one of the hottest sectors for MA. During its resurgence over the past five years, the automotive industry has been highly profitable. In addition, the growth prospects for the industry are favorable, especially in light of the overall low-growth economic environment. Despite the recovery, economic growth in the U.S. and overseas has been stagnant. Average GDP growth in the U.S. over the past five years is at 2.4 percent. Other leading world economies such as Japan, Germany, and the United Kingdom have likewise experiencedShow MoreRelatedAutomotive Industry And Porter s Five Forces1368 Words   |  6 Pages Automotive Industry and Porter’s Five Forces Shawn D Schubach American Military University Abstract According to the AMA dictionary of Business and Management (2013), Porter’s Five Forces can be described as a â€Å"Framework developed by business professor Michael Porter for analyzing the balance of power within a particular industry and its profitability. 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The Agony and the Ecstasy Free Essays

The Agony and the Ecstasy The past is always forgotten, left alone in the dark, a reminiscence among hundreds, until it finally erodes from living memory†¦But before it vanishes, the past always fights back, in an effort to reclaim its throne. In 15th century Europe, the Church and its preachings of the past were swept away in a tide of change; the clash of these two ideas is shown in The Agony and the Ecstasy. Throughout the movie, Pope Julius II illustrates the values of the Middle Ages through his speech and actions, both of which reflect the ideologies of that time period. We will write a custom essay sample on The Agony and the Ecstasy or any similar topic only for you Order Now The twin values of obedience and punishment lie at the core of the Middle Ages, entwined and inseparable; both are exemplified in Pope Julius II’s actions and words. The Pope demonstrates the concept of obedience, treasured so deeply by the Church, through his actions following the noncompliance of subjects. One example of this is the Pope’s reaction to Michelangelo’s blasphemous sonnet; he immediately rebukes him for his lapse in deference. The Pope’s demand of complete and utter submission to the Church demonstrate the emphasis on unquestioned obedience to the Pope (and likewise to the Church). Another instance is the Pope’s encounter with the French ambassador; the Pope angrily tells him that he will stand no interference from the French king in Church matters. The Pope’s harsh reprimand once again points to the importance of undisputed conformity to the Church’s words; it was a vital segment of their society . The Middle Ages was a time of fear and uncertainty, of conflict in discord; the Church was the backbone of Middle Ages’ society, and kept daily life running as smoothly as possible—but was successful only because the people obeyed. Without obedience, their lives would have come to sudden and abrupt halt. As a Greek playwright put it, â€Å"Obedience is the mother of success and is wedded to safety†. The Church thought the same way, and for all the right reasons—it just held on to these beliefs too long. An equally important value Pope Julius II exhibits is that of punishment, often a result of disobedience, mostly in his speech. An illustration of this value is shown in the same encounter previously mentioned with the French ambassador; the Pope, angry at the French king’s hypocrisy and lack of respect for the Church, thundered, â€Å"Let him learn that I too carry a stick. Let him learn that I am the Pope! † Through his angry threat to the king, the Pope reveals to the ambassador and the viewer that he is not afraid to use force to establish his authority as pope. Furthermore, the Pope, when he hears that Michelangelo has disappeared, he is outraged, and maintains his ground: â€Å"He will paint it or he will hang! the Pope exclaims. Through his threats to Michelangelo, the Pope reinforces the Middle Ages’ belief in the power of punishment; a disorderly society such as theirs could not have existed very long without some form of law and order. The Church used punishments to enforce discipline in an uncertain world; It was the only method that prevented the spread of immorality. Even a highly-acclaimed Renaissance man agreed with the concept, reasoning, â€Å"He who does not punish evil commands it to be done. † How to cite The Agony and the Ecstasy, Papers

A Qualitative Exploration of the Meaning of Wellness in Contemporary

Question: Discuss about the Qualitative Exploration of Wellness. Answer: Introduction: Wellness can be referred as the active procedure to make suitable choices for being healthy in every aspect. According to the theory of health and wellness, health can be considered as dynamic state, which consists of different aspect of any human being (Aruoma, 2015). These aspects include spiritual, social, emotional, mental as well as physical. As the theory suggests that any deceased state of the human being is caused from a specific disorder. This particular disorder can be termed as obstruction of the free flow of the life force, which causes greater deformities, disorganized functions and forms. According to the seven dimensions of wellness theory, there are seven aspects of human being, which is highly influential for maintaining the wellness. These aspects of human wellness are mentioned below: Occupational: The operational wellness is considered as the ability to utilize personal skills and talents to attain enriched, happy and purposeful life. Positive attitude is one of the major signs of occupational wellness. Environmental: The environmental wellness refers to the understanding of relationship between earthly state and personal daily habits (Strout et al., 2016). It creates an effective involvement in activities for environment protection. Spiritual: Spiritual wellness is focused on possessing various set of guiding values, principles as well as beliefs, which can provide a positive direction of life. Social: The ability to perform successful interaction with society represents the social dimension of wellness (Strout Howard, 2014). The major signs of good social wellness are effective communication skill, development of intimacy as well as creation of support network. Intellectual: The intellectual dimension is highly depended on the various mental activities, which promotes creative stimulation of mind. The possession of high intellectual dimension encourages the human being to have active mind and continuous leaning (Strout et al., 2016). Emotional: The emotional wellness is highly depended on the other wellness dimensions. The ability to express human emotions in a positive manner is called emotional wellness. These emotions include happiness, sadness, love and anger. Physical: It consists of diverse healthy behaviours, which ensure the wellness of human being. These behaviours include protecting yourself from injuries and harm, regular medical checkups, proper nutrition as well as adequate exercise (Strout Howard, 2014). Each of the above dimensions has been seen to contribute in shaping the impression of the life-quality. It has been also observed that the dimensions tend to overlaps as well as influence other dimensions. In this context, this particular study has been focused on exploring various aspects of wellness. Method: Participant: For the current research project, Emily Jones has been selected due to her significant experience in the wellness studies and practical wellness management in the society. Emily has been actively managing wellness for more than 12 years in the public health domain. She is responsible for helping multiple persons at a time. Majority of time these persons have been diagnosed with chronic diseases. Emily mostly focuses on easing patients process with the help of patient education provision, hospital discharge planning as well as advising family carers. Being actively involved in ensuring the wellness of various people has made Emily immensely insightful on this research topic. Therefore, Emily has been selected as an interviewee for collecting essential research data. Method of Data Collection: The research project has exclusively focused on primary research data. Although, secondary data has great popularity in regards with collecting insightful knowledge, the primary data is only capable for offering contemporary knowledge on the research issue (Taylor, Bogdan DeVault, 2015). As the current research project has been focused on attaining proper understanding on the current aspects of wellness, the primary data collection would be most appropriate. Interview session has been selected for collecting data, as it is more appropriate for identifying trends and patterns of the research data. The participant has been selected through expert non-probability sampling technique (Palinkas et al., 2015). This particular sampling technique has helped to select appropriate participant, which would be highly capable to provide necessary insight on wellness (For Interview Questions, Refer to APPENDIX A). Procedure: Entire research project has been conducted with the help of proper rules and guidelines so that it can effectively meet its objectives. Firstly, the research has effectively devised the interview schedule in such a manner that it can answer the research question (Smith, 2015). The proper review of the literature has immensely helped to develop the interview schedule. Secondly, the most suitable participant has been selected with the help of expert non-probability sampling technique. It has been kept into consideration that proper appointment could be got so that research project could attain auspicious interview. The interview has been properly audio-recorded and later the recording has been transcribed into verbatim. The research project has been proceeded after receiving full approval from NPI Human Research Ethics Committee. Moreover, the participant has been involved in the research project with her full consent. It has been acknowledged to the participant that the collected data has been only used for research purpose (Ritchie et al., 2013). In addition, the data security has been of utmost importance. Furthermore, the research project has complied with every regulatory legislative regarding the research project (For Interview Transcription, Refer to APPENDIX B). Analytic Strategy: The data analysis is highly important part of the entire study, as the success of the research outcomes is greatly depended on the quality of data analysis. In the current context, the thematic analysis has been chosen for evaluating the interview data (Vaismoradi, Turunen Bondas, 2013). This particular qualitative analysis is highly popular for its flexibility and usefulness. It helps to identify the patterned meanings in the interview transcript, which eventually helps to evaluate the interview data (Elo et al., 2014). The steps conducted in this thematic analysis process are mentioned below: Transcribing the data Familiarizing with the data Generating initial codes Searching for themes Reviewing themes Defining and naming themes Producing the report Reflexive Statement: The research Project has extensively focused on maintaining a neutral standpoint in every step of the research. In order to eradicate the biasness, the use of reflexive journal has been emphasized. Every decisions and logic behind it has been noted in this particular journal. The research project has also carefully considered how the participants responses might be influenced. The research project has made sure that the participant has been psychologically strong after the interview session. Results: The data analysis has been conducted by identifying various themes, which have been identified in the interview data. These themes have been quite effective to summarise entire research data in relevance with the research question. The identified themes are described below: Description of Wellness According to the identified data, it can be easily understood that the concept of wellness is beyond physical health. It is also depended on the spiritual as well as mental well-being. The research data has been also identified that the absence of decease cannot be termed as wellbeing, as the individual can be suffered from emotional trauma. In this context, it has been identified that the complete physical, intellectual, occupational, environmental, spiritual, emotional as well as social health can be considered as well being of any given individual. Factors of Wellness The data analysis has been able to point out that there are seven dimensions, which can be categorized as factors of wellness. These factors are physical health, intellectual enrichment, occupational skills, environmental awareness, spiritual stability, emotional broadness as well as social well-being. It has been also understood that in most cases financial disability and lack of time greatly hinder the achievement of wellness. The data evaluation has been also able to identify that the healthy eating, sleep and exercise greatly promotes the physical and mental wellbeing. Importance of Wellness As identified in the data analysis, the wellness can effectively enhance the life expectancy rate of the individuals. The wellness can ensure happy living throughout their life. The mental and social wellness can lead towards content life. In addition to that, the intellectual and occupational wellness greatly helps the individual to attain successful life. Discussion: The data evaluation has been quite successful to identify various major themes from the interview data. These themes are description of wellbeing, factors of wellbeing as well as importance of wellbeing. As the research project is aimed to understand the wellness, the data evaluation has concentrated to unearth every aspect of wellness in the contemporary society. The description of wellness depicts the entire idea of wellness including its factors as well as importance in the contemporary world. It has been effectively disclosed that wellness is considered as much more from mere physical health. It encompasses seven dimensions of human wellbeing. These dimensions are physical, intellectual, occupational, environmental, spiritual, emotional as well as social wellbeing. These dimensions are also considered as the factors of wellness. All of the influencers as well as barriers revolve around these factors. References: Aruoma, O. I. (2015). Nutrition, Genomics, and Human Health: A Complex Mechanism for Wellness. Genomics, Proteomics and Metabolomics in Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, 135. Elo, S., Kriinen, M., Kanste, O., Plkki, T., Utriainen, K., Kyngs, H. (2014). Qualitative content analysis: a focus on trustworthiness. Sage Open, 4(1), 2158244014522633. Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan, N., Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 42(5), 533-544. Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Nicholls, C. M., Ormston, R. (Eds.). (2013). Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. Sage. Smith, J. A. (Ed.). (2015). Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods. Sage. Strout, K. A., David, D. J., Dyer, E. J., Gray, R. C., Robnett, R. H., Howard, E. P. (2016). Behavioral Interventions in Six Dimensions of Wellness That Protect the Cognitive Health of Community?Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 64(5), 944-958. Strout, K., Howard, E. P. (2014). Application of the Rasch model to measure five dimensions of wellness in community-dwelling older adults. Journal of nursing measurement, 22(2), 268-290. Taylor, S. J., Bogdan, R., DeVault, M. (2015). Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley Sons. Vaismoradi, M., Turunen, H., Bondas, T. (2013). Content analysis and thematic analysis: Implications for conducting a qualitative descriptive study. Nursing health sciences, 15(3), 398-405.

Discriminated Criminals Essays - Abuse, , Term Papers

Discriminated Criminals The Criminal Justice system has always had discrimination in it. Discrimination can come from the police, courts, or even from lawyers. For example, in the Gideon vs. Wainwright case the court ruled that the state must provide a public defender but it did not rule that the public defender must be good or competent. (?Too Poor? N.Pag.). In most cases where a public defender is provided the defendant loses the case because the lawyer is new or incompetent. Thus the criminal justice system needs reform. The Criminal Justice System discriminates against the economically challenged and minorities because of police discrimination, unbalanced sentencing and incompetent public defenders. Police discrimination is a major factor in the criminal justice system. Police can discriminate towards different people and in different places at anytime the officers want. White police discriminate in jails and on the streets, which can be called racial profiling. In jail a white officer could give a black man a harder time then he would a white man. On the streets a white officer will stop a black man for no reason, ask where the black man is going, and often the officer will search the black man's car of belongings (Cole 7.). White police will go through poor neighborhoods to stop and search anyone the white police want (Cole 7.). A black man has a chance of getting picked up by the police for a DWB, which is Driving While Black which is impossible for most white people to even comprehend (Cole 7.). Another form of discrimination is from the black police. Sometimes the black police can discriminate just like the white police. Black police will discriminate against all ethnic groups like whites, blacks and other minorities. The black police discriminate against other blacks because the police believe that the black criminals are keeping the rest of the black community down. Black police also discriminate against the other minorities, not just the black criminals. Some black police feel the same way about Mexicans as some white police feel about blacks, that the Mexicans are what make this country bad. Another reason why there is talk about discrimination in the criminal justice system is because of unbalanced sentencing. Black men are more often sentenced for a first offense and usually get a longer sentence for something that the white men would only be getting a fine for (?One-Third? 25.). A California study showed that one out of six of six hundred twenty-five thousand black men were arrested, black men make up three percent of the population but account for forty percent of the prison population (Miller N. pag.). Black men usually pay twice as much bail as whites and usually get jailed before trial (?One-Third? 25.). Twelve percent of the American population is black and thirteen percent of blacks have used drugs but blacks account for thirty-five percent of arrests for drugs possession, fifty-five percent of convictions and forty-four percent of prison sentences (?One-Third? 25.). Most crack users in the United States are white but most prosecuted are black (Carter 290+.). On ly four of the first thirty-seven death penalty prosecutions from the Anti-Drug Abuse Act have been white (Carter 290+.). Unbalanced sentencing, besides affecting black people wrongly, can also effect poor people wrongly. Poor people can get harsher sentencing just because a judge does not like the person for not being able to keep a job or for not paying taxes. Poor people could get a harsher sentence because the poor person does not have the money to pay a fine of a mere fifty-dollars. The judge knows that the poor person could not pay the fine. Even though misdemeanors and fines are small to most people, to a poor person it could mean imprisonment. Judges can also be swayed by the appearance of a person and a poor person cannot show up to court battered or in a suit. Incompetent public defenders are the biggest form of discrimination in the entire Criminal Justice System. The biggest problem is the funding for the public defenders. Even though it is less than two percent of the total spending on law enforcement and only ten percent of spending on all judicial and legal sources, people can still

MPO (nan myat thuzar win) Assessment 1 Essays - Free Essays

MPO (nan myat thuzar win) Assessment 1 Essays - Free Essays 1. A goal is a future expectation or desired future state. Goals are in important role of every organization. Organizations are trying to achieve goals. Activities of organizations are formed due to goals. Therefore, goals are influences on motivation. Moreover, goals are translated in objectives and policies. Objectives can be defined as what and policies as how, when, and where. Objectives are a part of a goal and more specific than goal. They are potential to get goals. In fact, objectives are divided into general and specific. Top management determines general objectives and specific objectives are operated in scope of general objectives. Policies are implements of goals and objectives. They direct strategies to meet goals and objectives. For instant, policies are such as rules, plans and procedures. Policies segment roles and obligations of mangers and members of staff. They also control the behaviors of organization. Additionally, external factors such as government can affect upon the policies. According to Scotia Airway, they may keep target for many goals. As case study, they aim to provide exceptional value for money, unparalleled comfort and convenience to its passengers, every time they are on board and also offer value added services, such as, valets to assist passengers in boarding the plane, gourmet meals and a range of in-flight services and entertainment as specific objectives. Additionally, Scotia Airways provide business class services at price that is equivalent to price of economy class services of other competitors as services goals. The investors have set an ambitious project for expansion over the next 5 years to include long haul destinations. These are some specific objectives to achieve main goals as outsourcing their airways to major business center in Eastern Europe and Middle and Far East. Management is fundamental to effective operation of work organizations. It is also an integral part of the people-organization relationship. A key driving force of the success of these airways is the management focus upon the level and quality of service output. Senior management agrees output targets with middle and junior managers and staff, and allow the operational planning to be determined by those managers and employees then populate the details into the plan. A culture of trust has been emphasized and developed by management and workers and this has served to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency and overall performance of business. This is leading to positive working relationship within and different departments by positive management approach and wide ranging reward policies. The company is regarded as a family-style business. 2. Organization can be viewed as open systems in continual interaction with external environment of which they are part. There are a number of sub-systems interrelating and interacting with each other: task, technology, structure, people and management. In open system, organizations take input from environment and through a series of activities transform these inputs into outputs to achieve some objectives. Therefore, environmental facts influence upon the open system. They are economics, legislations, competitions, shareholders and culture. Moreover, output are measured by goals and it will effect on input. As Scotia Airways, for example, they take in resources such as people, finance, raw materials, premises, equipment and information from its environment as inputs and process inputs. Finally, these inputs transfer into outputs as services in regarding to achieve goals such as customer satisfaction. 3. The informal organizations arise from the interaction of people, their psychological and social needs the development of groups with their own relationship and norms of behavior. Informal organizations can exit within formal organizations. The formal organizations are defined by Schein as: The planned co-ordination of the activities of a number of people for the achievement of same common goals through the division of labor and function and through a hierarchy of authority and responsibilities. The following are some differences of informal and formal organizations. Origin Structures Goals Control Influences Size Communication Stability Duties and responsibilities Benefits for members 4. Stakeholders are interested in and are effected by goals, operation, and activities of the organization. They have a large variety of interest on organization. For example, they are under the following roles. 1.Employees 2.Providers of finance 3.Customers 4.Community and environment 5.Government 6.Other organizations or group. As case study, four primary of stakeholders are Employees Without employees, there will not be any organization. Organizations and employees need and influence each other. Responsibilities of

Why world war II is a good war for THE UNITED STATES Research Paper

Why world war II is a good war for THE UNITED STATES - Research Paper Example This brief analysis will attempt to elaborate upon some of the primary means by which the Second World War worked to benefit the United States, increased the economic output, level of industrialization, set the United States predominately upon the world stage, opened up new markets and reduced the competitiveness of former rivals. Additionally, the war helped to differentiate the world into a bipolar system that forced nearly each and every nation to either select the United States or the Soviet Union as a protector and potential market for goods. In particular, the war brought the economy in America back to life after the malaise of the Great Depression. A number of contradictions thus arise from the actions taken by leaders during the activities of World War II. In this way, the proceeding analysis will attempt to detail the most prominent ways in which the Second World War was actually beneficial to the United States. Firstly, and perhaps most obviously, the war helped the United States to rapidly define and integrate a formerly backwards and relatively un-industrialized economy. Moreover, due to the level of malaise that the United States experienced as a result of the Great Depression, a spike in the level of industrial growth and the need to integrate a high number of skilled professionals into the economy meant that the nation was able to rapidly train and employ a high number of skilled professionals in a variety of industrial crafts. Though the industrial revolution had occurred many years previously, the level of development was neither impressive nor complete. However, as a result of the need to rapidly expand the economy and provide the soldiers fighting in the field with the necessary hardware of war, the industries of munitions production, heavy manufacturing, ship building, advanced electronic devices, early forms of computing technology, an advanced aircraft production industry, and a litany of other fields came to be well developed and robust b y the end of the war. According to Mooney, the United States was keen on providing the Allies with the necessary equipment for continuing the war even prior to the Attack on Pearl Harbor. This meant that the United States industry was required to produce and replace many of the goods and materials of war that were being sent to the allies overseas. Says Mooney, â€Å"In September 1940 the United States agreed to trade fifty old naval destroyers to British in exchange for leases on naval and air bases in British possessions throughout the Western Hemisphere.†(Mooney 187). As such, even the â€Å"trade† of 50 old destroyers is in and of itself a monumentally important factor due to the fact that these destroyers represented a percentage of United States naval power and must necessarily be replaced by the powers of industry. Such a representation of lend-lease or cash and carry was adequately defined by Mooney on page 185. The rampant growth of American wartime industry c ombined with the fact that many of the men in the nation had vacated their jobs and were now joining the armed forces created a unique opportunity for women. Due to the fact that women had previously been confined to the home as a result of gender norms and the identification that a woman’s place should be in the home, this opportunity was a powerful dynamic in helping to shape the way in which the United States developed and industrialized. The United States government soon got on board with the untapped labor pool and began to promote propaganda to engage even larger numbers of women in the workforce. By utilizing such evocative posters as â€Å"Rosie the Riveter†

Demonstrate how you would plan the development of a corporate Assignment

Demonstrate how you would plan the development of a corporate communications strategy - Assignment Example Further, the main purpose of devising a corporate communication strategy is to deliver the company’s message to internal and the external audience (Steyn, 2000). Prior to defining the objectives of the company’s corporate communication strategy, it is essential to critically analyse the company’s profile and current organizational achievements. For this purpose SWOT analysis may be performed, to understand company’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and the future targets of the company. Moreover, a PEST analysis must also be performed to grab an overview of the environment in which the company plans to survive and succeed (Cornelissen, 2014). The first and the foremost objective of the communication strategy is to devise a message that it wants to deliver to its audience. The audience is divided into two groups that are internal audience and the external audience. The sole purpose of devising a corporate communication strategy for a company is to pave the way for the flow of information. As suggested earlier, there are two groups of audiences that are dealt by the company, and they are the internal audience and the external audience (Steyn, 2004). The internal audience include employees, investors, partners, suppliers, and other stakeholders. The external audience include governmental and nongovernmental organisations, general public, and other private companies. Communication with the internal audience is carried out at two steps (Steyn, 2012). The first step is of informing and developing knowledge and skills among the members of the organisation. The second step includes convincing the investors, bargaining with the suppliers, and satisfying the stakeholders of the company. For this purpose, one could suggest regular surveys at an organizational level, and periodical reports of the company’s performance over six or twelve months. Fu rther, the company may acquire the help of business consultants to evaluate its

At the Edge and Coffee Nerves Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

At the Edge and Coffee Nerves - Essay Example I can appreciate the experimental nature of the music, but I couldn’t help but think to myself†¦ â€Å"What was the composer thinking when he/she wrote this?!?† I thought maybe the composer was on drugs. It was just not a compelling piece at all—even though I understood the fact that the composer was trying to do something new and different, almost like for the shock value of it. The harmony of At the Edge was minimally fair at best. I wouldn’t almost even go so far as to say that At the Edge was even minimally fair, but rather, very poor. The harmony was bad because there was no harmony. The dueling instruments—the piano or organ (whichever it was), the flute, and the tuba—they just did not harmonize at all. I don’t think that was the point to harmonize anyway, because the way the piece was composed, I believe it was composed to frighten the audience. Man, was I scared. I thought the Phantom of the Opera was going to come out of the shadows with a cloak and dagger. Let’s just say, needless to say, that the harmony really left a lot to be desired. The melody was horrible. The tuba and the flute were dueling for the spot of worst instrumental music ever. The flute, I believe, was playing a melody counter to the tuba’s harmony. Don’t ask me why the composer did this, because I have absolutely no idea. Not even halfway through the performance, I put earplugs in intermittently because my ears literally hurt so bad because the sound was that irascible. I took them out occasionally to hear the progression, but there was not much progression in terms of getting better with this piece. It was ominous at the beginning and it only got worse. Frankly I found this type of experimental piece horribly jarring, very scary, and entirely way off-base in terms of being a pleasant experience. It was exactly what you would go to a concert not to hear. I simply could not listen to the piece in its entirety b ecause it was that bad. The timbre was tinny. The piece started out most ominously at the beginning, and I had expected that it might get lighter in tone as the music went on, but no such luck. Here, the piece At the Edge has been critiqued according to its rhythm, harmony, melody, and timbre. Unfortunately, much as I regret to say it, I did not enjoy this performance at all, although I can appreciate what the composer was trying to achieve musically. â€Å"Coffee Nerves† Critique (500 words) Coffee Nerves will be critiqued according to its: rhythm; harmony; melody; and timbre. It was a wonderful piece that exemplified everything that’s right with a good piece of music that’s composed in a pleasant manner. The rhythm of Coffee Nerves was very upbeat and intriguing. It started off right from the get-go with a defined rhythm and kept me on the edge of my seat until the very end. The harmony in Coffee Nerves was very pleasant. My only critique of the entire piece i s that it seemed quite repetitive in its composition. This repetition of sorts happened a variety of times—although thankfully there were a few little interludes here and there, not to mention a couple of â€Å"surprise elements† to the music, thus making it not entirely predictable as a piece. The harmony was very lovely, in fact, even if a bit repetitious at points, but it was one that bore repeating due to its very beautiful sounds. The piano was played very fast, and the main flautist had to play (I believe) even faster in order to get the notes out on time. The melody nicely of the

Is Depression Genetic? An Experiment

Is Depression Genetic? An Experiment Research Plan Quantitated research is information collected and the production of data via statistics and numbers. The data is collected through questionnaires, surveys or by manipulating pre-existing statistical data. For example, calculating the number of people who suffer with depression, this research can provide a number of manifestations but cannot provide an explanation to why people are depressed (Skills you need, 2018). Primary research (field research) is inspected first hand by individuals via surveys, interviews and observations. Variables of such research should be considered when addressing the results in particular age groups, sex and number of participants within a survey. Secondary research (desk research) involves collection on existing research using primary research sources as a source of data to analyse. (Research Optimus, 2018) In order to complete the project brief a secondary research technique has been applied opposed to primary research due to the absence of ethics committee within the college. The research will include looking at journal articles, statistics, legitimate websites and newspaper articles with further reading. This will then allow analysis and evaluation of material in attempt to answer the essays question with an unprejudiced perspective. 23/02/2018 – 05/03/2018 Decided topic; begun research and finalised essay question with supervisor. 06/03/2018 23/03/2018 Continued research and analysed data. 24/03/2018   – 17/05/2018 Assembled information into essay format; final meeting with supervisor.   Review work, conclude and evaluate. 18/04/2018 Submit the assignment Table 1 Project timeline and Key activities The research will focus on six key areas: What is depression?Who’s more likely to suffer from depression?What is the genetic explanation for depression?What is the biochemical explanation for depression?What are the psychological explanations of depression?What are the sociological explanation of depression? Information contained within this essay will not be open to debate as statistics collected are the result of a worldwide research being high in validity and reliability. Moral judgement, assumptions and personal opinions is not suitable or necessary for the purpose of this essay.   This essay will include conflicting perspectives with the intention to enable the reader to form their own conclusion. Throughout this essay efforts will be made to assess the validity and reliability of the information available such as government statistics highlighted in reputable studies. Health and safety protocol will be followed during the process of researching and assembling the essay such as regular breaks to reduce eye strain and upper limb problems. Information will be referenced accurately ensuring plagiarism is avoided, whilst observing all ethical and legal obligations at all times. Introduction Depression is one of the most common and serious illness with devastating consequences in its most server form, it is estimated that more than 300 million people suffer with depression worldwide (WHO, 2017) Depression is the most common mental disorders within the UK and reports suggests that it’s hit a record high, increasing by nearly a third in the last four years. The total estimated number of people living with depression worldwide increased by 18.4% between 2005 and 2015 to 32 million according to the World Health Organisation (Families for depression Awareness, 2017). This has prompted urgent calls for the government to ensure better health provisions are put in place, with the need to look deeper into this phenomenon to enable an understanding of the disorder enabling them to overcome it. Research has shown that depression does run in families, which could potentially mean that depression is genetic (inherited condition) NHS (2013). However, families don’t just share genes they also experience similar environments. Depression is a common and serious mental disorder that negatively effects how we feel, how we act and how we think (American Psychiatric Association, 2018). Depression is classified as a mood disorder that has an impact on both physical and mental health, affecting a large portion of the UK population with around 3 in 100 adults suffering every year (Mind Org, 2013). An episode of depression serious enough to require treatments occurs more commonly in 1 in 4 women and 1 in 10 men at some stage in their lives (Kalat, 2001). This could just be due to the fact women are more open to express their concerns and feeling then men are or that women are more willing/ likely to seek treatment. To meet the criteria for having depression the sufferer needs to display at least 5 symptoms that are laid out by the DSM-IV (Diagnostic and statistical Manual of mental health disorders, 2013). World Health Organisation WHO (2001), marks depression as when â€Å"capacity for enjoyment, interest, reduced concentration and marked tiredness after even minimum effort is common. The core symptoms of depression would entail persistent sadness or low moods, loss of interest or pleasure in activities, disturbed sleep or tiredness, change in appetite, feeling worthless or in server cases recurrent thoughts of death, excessive feelings of guilt and hopelessness (NHS, 2016). It’s also common for people with depression to develop physical symptoms such as headaches, palpitations, chest pains and hallucinations these are called psychotic symptoms. Depression is generally divided as follows; major depressive disorder, dysthymia, Bipolar disorder, Seasonal affective disorder, premenstrual dysphonic disorder and atypical depression affecting anyone at any time (Very well mind, 2018). There are many contributing factors that seem to increase the risk of developing or triggering depression. These include certain personality traits, traumatic or stressful events, a history of mental health disorders, history of depression in blood relatives, abuse of recreational drugs or alcohol, chronic illness and medication(Kalat, 2001) However, this does not factor in the environmental factors such as poverty with the affects it has on an individual’s well-being. Genetic assessment There are strong biological links with those who sufferer with depression, in terms of genes family research- especially twin and adoption studies shows a genetic link were Individuals may inherit pre-dispositions to depression or other mood disorders( kalat, 2001). Wender et al (1986) conducted family correlational research into depression through adoption study which observed whether genetics or the environment appeared to be more associated with depression in adopted adults would suffered depression. Psychiatric evaluations were conducted and the study produced results showing that the biological parents of the adopted adults were eight times more likely to have the disorder than the adopted parents. Twin studies are an additional way of studying if genetic factors are the cause of the pre-dispositioned disorder. Monozygotic twins (MZ) share 100% of their genes whereas dizygotic twins (DZ) only share 50%, of the   rate is the process for assessing the likelihood of one twin having the disorder in which the other also has to have the same. A significant note that need to be considered, is in previous research it wasn’t possible to differentiate between the MZ and DZ twins so statistics may also be incorrect.   Diverse studies have produced fluctuating statistics but the overall trend pattern was usually the same concluding MZ twins indicated increased rates in depression in contrast to DZ twins. From these studies environmental factors cannot be ruled out, MZ twins share comparable environment’s than DZ twins so influences such as friends and education are more likely to be similar on both. Even in MZ twins being raised apart their environments may not be that diverse. Despite the thousands of studies carried out to locate the gene, studies have failed to identify locus of any significant gene specific to depression (http://www.psychology4a.com/depression.html, no date). It is however possible for people with no family history to also develop depression. A British team of scientists has recently located a gene that seems to be predominant in multiple family members suffering with depression, chromosome 3p25-26 was situated in more than 800 families with recurring depression. This study looked at DNA from over 800 families including 971 sibling pairs who had European origin and who were affected by recurring depression. It also included 118 pairs of siblings with one affected by depression and the other not.   Other studies were conducted at the same time as the British researchers which matched the link between the same chromosome and depression. (Heath line, 2016) However the results could not be applied to those suffering with less serve depression. This evidence also lacks ecological validity as it cannot be generalised to the whole population and only represents the European. Research has also shown that individuals with parents suffering with depression are 3 time more likely to have the disorder.   Scientists now have confidence in that as many as 40% of individuals suffering with depression can be linked back to genetics.   (Health line, 2016) Biomedical Assessment The biological aspect of depression looks for indications that relate to diagnostic categories of mental disorders with an outlook that a sick body can be restored to health (McLeod, 2014). This theory links depression to imbalances or problems in the brain regarding the neurotransmitters, serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine. Evidence of the imbalances is very difficult to monitor and measure in a person brain. The neurotransmitter serotonin involves the regulation of important physiological (body orientated) functions such as sleep, aggression, mood and sexual behaviours. Research suggests that the decrease in the production of serotonin by the neurons can cause depression in some people but not all. Catecholamine hypothesis was a popular explanation in the 1960s to why people developed depression, suggesting that a deficiency of norepinephrine in certain areas of the brain was responsible for creating depressed moods. (Mental help net, 2007) Autopsy studies support this theory a s it shows that individuals who experienced multiple depressive episodes had less norepinephrine neuron than individuals with no history of depression. Conversely, the research outcomes also revealed that not all people who experienced mood change was the reaction to the norepinephrine levels being lower. Modern studies also suggest that decreased levels of serotonin triggers a drop in norepinephrine levels leading to depression.(Harvard medical school,2009)With this explanation or approach anti psychotics have long been established as a fairly cheap, effective and speedy treatment at reducing symptoms for the individual. However, it could be argued that the side effects and addiction caused by these types of medication is a weakness of this approach. Although this approach created psychological treatments for many mental disorders it has neglected the treatment process. Scientists have been testing the chemical imbalance theory validity for over 40 years (approximately) and regardl ess of thousands of studies been conducted there’s still not one direct supporting evidence proving the theory accurate (Psychology Today, 2017). Psychological assessment The psychological perspective on depression explores unconscious thinking, possible past traumas and focuses on aiding the individual to realise their potential and emphasis on social support and psychological interventions. Freud was the first to offer an explanation on depression. This theory delivers evidence based explanations for how people think, behave and feel the way they do (http://www.psychology4a.com/depression.html, no date).   The psychodynamic approach regards the source of mental disorder being the cause of loss or rejection by a parent (McLeod 2015). Although, this does not take in to account current experiences/problems that the individual may be going through. Supporting evidence of this was Bifulco et al (1992) studies found that children who lose their mother are more likely to suffer with depression (http://www.psychology4a.com/depression.html, no date). The cognitive- behavioural model has a strong emphasis on reinforcements (positive or negative) as an explanation for depression. Beck’s (1976) hypothesised that individuals with negative thoughts towards themselves or those who have low self-esteem are far more susceptible to suffer from depression, suggesting that the negative perception that they held towards themselves was built up through negative experiences. Beck anticipated that experiences in childhood could lead to a cognitive traid resulting in the individual suffering with depression. This traid is built up in three parts in which people hold negative thoughts; the self, the world and the future. In addition those who suffer with depression or are susceptible to it magnify the bad experiences and minimise the good (Eysenck, 2012). Weissman and Beck (1978) as cited in Dobson (2010) supported this theory by using self-schemas to discover out how people perceived themselves and the world around them. The results showed that those people with negative self-schemas were far more likely to suffer with depression. Although, White (1985) agrees that there was enough evidence to suggest that Beck’s theory was correct although, he suggests it does not show the true connection of depression and failed to identify that logical errors might be triggered by biological factors such as chemical imbalance in the brain. Becks theory was based upon questionnaires, although there are limitations to this form of information gathering. This questions the reliability of the research as the participants of the questionnaire can be effected by social desirability (McLeod, 2015) Ferster (1973) behavioural theory suggests that it’s a lack of positive reinforcements is the cause of depression. For instance a loss of a loved one may cause depression due to the loss of a positive reinforcement. Lewinsohn (1976) suggested that when others give the depressed individual attention this reinforces the depressive behaviour and symptoms. This can also have the reverse effect when there’s a lack of attention given by family or friends and thus lack of reinforcements, this can equally exacerbate depressive symptoms. This raises the debate to whether depression causes negative thinking and perceptions or that the negative perceptions were the cause of depression. Abreu and Santos (2008, p.131) Sociological explanation The sociological explanation for mental health such as depression regards social forces as the most important determinants of mental disorders, taking a broader view of a psychiatric disorder than any other model. Regarding an individual’s environment and behaviour as being fundamentally linked. In some perspective it’s similar to the psychodynamic model which also sees individuals moulded by external events. However, whereas the psychodynamic model views depression as highly personalised and determinants are not immediately recognisable. This model views depression based on general theories of groups and caused by observable environmental factors such as poverty, poor neighbour hoods, low education, ethnicity, divorce and the loss of a loved one WHO (2014). Although short term sadness is a normal response to these triggers and should not be confused for depression. People who live in poverty struggle causing them to be in a continuous stressful state, feeling overwhelmed and inadequate of taking control over their own lives. Health Ross (2000) as cited in Cockerham, (2008) linked better quality neighbourhoods with those of a poor disadvantaged neighbourhoods, the   findings were higher levels of depression occur in the latter with individuals suffering psychologically due to their environment (although there were also links to their individualism). The daily stressors of living in these deprived areas with low income, unemployment etc. are linked to the symptoms of depression (Haralambos and Holborn, 2008). Individual’s living in clean and safe environments displayed lower levels of depression further supporting that social factors contribute. Individuals living in poverty become the strongest predictor of depression WHO (2004) Consideration must also be given to the possibility that individuals living in communities   with increased employment opportunities are still being diagnosed with depression as a result of losing their jobs through suffering with depression rather than not having a job and becoming depressed. This raises to the question is depression the cause of the environmental factors or is the environmental factors the cause of depression. In conclusion, there doesn’t seem substantial evidence in any one area to state that there is a single source of depression. Evidence points towards genetics playing 40% role in cause of depression, especially in cases of family studies. However, it is suggested that instead of being a direct cause of it makes a person more prone to getting depression than others.   The behavioural and cognitive theories have reputable aspects of validity to such that you can apply findings to real life situations and cases of depression. However it does have a weakness with both approaches being that either do not consider or recognise the biological or genetic effects of depression. The research has established that mental illness is complex and depression is no exclusion, therefore it cannot have a singular, unpretentious explanation and is a result of a combination of biological, psychological and social factors. Evaluation of the available research would suggest that although genetics may have an impact on depression there is more sound evidence to suggest other factors heavily contribute. Evaluation    The introduction of this essay specified clear figures regarding those suffering with depression within the UK and women being more susceptible as pose to men. However it could have given more insight to that particular causes of this issue such as evidence based studies to suggest why. The research throughout this essay was gathered by a wide variety of reliable sources and used the most up-to-date information as possible. As this essay was limited to secondary research this restricted access to research on a more personal level such a questionnaires within the community on families who suffer or have recurring depressive disorder. Due to the word count set on this essay it restricted more divulge information on other cause/ explanations for depression. For example Personality, Gender, Disabilities etc. The Researched statistics that was presented in this essay was analysed and evaluated were possible. Links to genetic theories supported the findings of certain studies which in turn strengthened the statistics enabling the essay question to be answered.   However there could have been additional analysis of genetic studies not relating to the MZ twins and DZ twin siblings. From the supporting evidence and statistics gathered within this essay the conclusion was able to answer the essay question giving a figure of 40% of depression is caused through genetics. It also acknowledges the serious mental health disorder and its complex problems and cause. Yet it was unable to single out one defining cause of depression. A more enhanced insight and knowledge was obtained by carrying out this project in the wider field of depression and its root causes. References Abreu, R.B. and Santos, E.C (2008) Behavioural Models of Depression:A critique of the emphasis on positive reinforcements.4 (2) pp130-145 International Journal of behavioural consultation and therapy [online] Avaliable at:https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ800945.pdf (Accessed 25April 2018) American Psychiatric Association (2018) what is depression? Available at: https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/depression/what-is-depression. (Accessed 20 March 2018) Beck, A.T.(1976). Cognitive therapy of emotional disorders. New York: New American Library Cockerham, W. (2008). The social causes of health and disease. Oxford: Polity. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. (2013) 5th Ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.   Dobson, K. (2010). Handbook of cognitive-behavioral therapies. 3rd ed. New York, N.Y.: The Guildford Press, p.150. Eysenck, M. (2012). AS level psychology. 5th ed. Hove: Psychology, pp.278-280. Families for Depression Awareness (2017) Depression on the rise worldwide, says WHO. Avaliable at:http://www.familyaware.org/who-2017-depression-report/ (Accessed 13 March 2018) Haralambos, M. and Holborn, M. (2008). Sociology. 7th ed. London: Collins. Harvard Medical school (2009) What causes depression? Available at:https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/what-causes-depression (Accessed 19 April 2018) Health Line (2016) Is depression Genetic?. Available at: http//www.heathline.com/health/depression/genetic (Accessed 15 March 2018) Kalat, J. (2001). Biological psychology. 7th Ed. Belmon,CA: Wadsworth Thomson Learning, p428-429 McLeod, S. A. (2014). The Medical Model. Retrieved from www.simplypsychology.org/medical-model.html (Accessed 19 April 2018) McLeod, S.A. (2015). Psychological theories of depression. Retrieved from www.simplypsychology.org/depression.html (Accessed on 20 April 2018) McLeod, S.A. (2015). Unconscious mind. Retrieved from www.simpplypsychology.org/unconscious-min.html (Accessed 23 March 20180   Mental help net (2007) Biology of depression. Available at:https://www.mentalhelp.net/articles/biology-of-depression-neurotransmitters/ (Accessed 10 April 2018) Mind Org (2013) Mental health facts and statistics. Available at: https://www.mindorg.uk/information-support/types-of-mental-health-problems/statistics-and-facts-about-mental -health/how-common-are-mental-health-problems/#Wv1x9BbTXYU. (Accessed 21 March 2018) NHS (2011) Genetic link. Available at:http://www.NHS.uk/news/genetics-and-stem-cells/genetics-link-for-depression-found/ (Accessed 20 March 2018) NHS (2016) Symptoms of depression. Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/clinical-depression/symptoms/ (Accessed 24 March 2018) NIH (2013) Common genetic factors found in 5 disorders. Available at: https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/common-genetic-factors-found-5-mental-disorders (Accessed 25 March 2018) Organisation, W (2001) World health report 2001. Geneva: World Health Organisation   Psychology Today (2017) On myth of the chemical imbalance. Avaliable at:https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/blog/mental-illness-metaphor/201709/the-myth-the-chemical-imbalance (Accessed 20 April 2018) Psychology4A.com http://psychology 4a.com/depression.html/(no date) (Accessed 20 April 2018) Research Optimus (2018) Primary research methods. Available at: https://www.researchoptimus.com/article/primary-research-methods.php. (Accessed 10 March) Skills You Need (2018) Quantitative and Qualitative Research methods. Available at:https://www.skillsyouneed.com/learn/quantitative-and-qualitative.html (Accessed 10 March 2018) Very Well Mind (2018) Common Types of Depression.   Available at:http://www.verywellmind.com/common-types-of-depression-1067313 (Accessed 10 April 2018) WHO (2004) Promoting mental Health. Available at:http://www.who.int/mental_health/evidence/en/promoting_mhh.pdf (Accessed 05 May 2018) WHO (2014) Social determinants of mental health. Available at:http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/112828/9789241506809_eng.pdf;jsessionid=AB96531936427A020E8E24B7E0F0C8F2?sequence= (Accessed 05 may 2018) WHO (2017) Depression: let’s talk says WHO, as depression top llist of causes of ill health. Available at: http://www.who.int/news-room/details/30-03-2017depression-let-s-talk-says-who-as-depression-tops-list-of-causes-ill-health. (Accessed 20 March 2018)

Gangster Life Portrayed in the Movie, Scarface :: Movie Film Essays

Gangster Life Portrayed in the Movie, Scarface As an exile from Communist Cuba, †¦.Montana†¦wha you say? You say wrong Scarface? Maybe I say you wrong, man. Maybe I say you in wrong place at wrong time chico. Maybe I no even speak to you, maybe I let someone else talk. I got someone you should meet. Say hello to my lil’ frie†¦. I’m sorry, let me start over. There is a thin line that exists between the depiction of a villain and a gangster that Hollywood has mastered walking on. While villains and gangsters may do many of the same things in movies, like stealing and killing, they each do them for different reasons. Villains enjoy crime because that is what gets them off; some may feel they are doing society a favor, like Uncle Charlie in Hitchcock’s Shadow of a Doubt, and others are more simply portrayed as naturally evil or mentally ill. But Gangsters are doing what they do for something American society can relate to—to make a living and, ultimately, get to the top. This â€Å"business† aspect of organized crime is what the movie industry has latched on to in the Gangster genre. In Scarface, Tony Camonte is in the business of selling beer to the town watering holes. Of course, he doesn’t so much sell the beer as force it on the bar owners at jacked up prices. And just like any other business, there is competition for dominance in the market. And for this dominance, or rather monopoly, ringleaders do not think twice about taking their competition out – not by buying them out or forcing them into bankruptcy, but by sending a squad out to murder them. Like most things captured on film for the purpose of being marketed, the richness of gangster life, with sex, money, and power in surplus, is glorified, and thus embraced by the audience. And as a rule, if something works Hollywood repeats it, ala a genre. What Scarface and Little Caesar did was ultimately create a genre assigning powerful qualities to criminals. Such sensationalism started with the newspapers who maybe added a little more color here and there to sell a few more copies, which is portrayed in Scarface’s two newspaper office scenes. Leo Braudy denounces genres as offending â€Å"our most common definition of artistic excellence† by simply following a predetermined equation of repetition of character and plot. However, Thomas Schatz argues that many variations of plot can exist within the â€Å"arena† that the rules of the genre provide. Gangster Life Portrayed in the Movie, Scarface :: Movie Film Essays Gangster Life Portrayed in the Movie, Scarface As an exile from Communist Cuba, †¦.Montana†¦wha you say? You say wrong Scarface? Maybe I say you wrong, man. Maybe I say you in wrong place at wrong time chico. Maybe I no even speak to you, maybe I let someone else talk. I got someone you should meet. Say hello to my lil’ frie†¦. I’m sorry, let me start over. There is a thin line that exists between the depiction of a villain and a gangster that Hollywood has mastered walking on. While villains and gangsters may do many of the same things in movies, like stealing and killing, they each do them for different reasons. Villains enjoy crime because that is what gets them off; some may feel they are doing society a favor, like Uncle Charlie in Hitchcock’s Shadow of a Doubt, and others are more simply portrayed as naturally evil or mentally ill. But Gangsters are doing what they do for something American society can relate to—to make a living and, ultimately, get to the top. This â€Å"business† aspect of organized crime is what the movie industry has latched on to in the Gangster genre. In Scarface, Tony Camonte is in the business of selling beer to the town watering holes. Of course, he doesn’t so much sell the beer as force it on the bar owners at jacked up prices. And just like any other business, there is competition for dominance in the market. And for this dominance, or rather monopoly, ringleaders do not think twice about taking their competition out – not by buying them out or forcing them into bankruptcy, but by sending a squad out to murder them. Like most things captured on film for the purpose of being marketed, the richness of gangster life, with sex, money, and power in surplus, is glorified, and thus embraced by the audience. And as a rule, if something works Hollywood repeats it, ala a genre. What Scarface and Little Caesar did was ultimately create a genre assigning powerful qualities to criminals. Such sensationalism started with the newspapers who maybe added a little more color here and there to sell a few more copies, which is portrayed in Scarface’s two newspaper office scenes. Leo Braudy denounces genres as offending â€Å"our most common definition of artistic excellence† by simply following a predetermined equation of repetition of character and plot. However, Thomas Schatz argues that many variations of plot can exist within the â€Å"arena† that the rules of the genre provide.

The Exchange of Dirty Hypodermic Needles

The Exchange Of Dirty Hypodermic Needles For Clean Ones, Or The Sale Of Clean Ones. Is it the exchange of dirty hypodermic needles for clean ones, or the sale of clean ones necessary for our society? The exchange of dirty hypodermic needles for clean, or the sale of clean ones is very necessary and important because our society is in need of solutions on how to prevent and decrease the big amount of infections and death that these type of diseases such as HIV and hepatitis c are causing.A lot of people do not protect themselves as they should because of lack of information. Many people think that HIV and many other diseases are spread only through sexual contact and not through needles that have been used and infected with these diseases appearing by others. I totally agree that the exchange between dirty hypodermic needles for clean ones, or sales of clean ones is going to provoke a huge positive impact in people’s life and health because they will be more aware of the damage that such negligence would cause if they are not well informed.First, the exchange of dirty hypodermic needles for clean one, or the sale of clean ones it’s important because our society needs more solutions on how to prevent infections and diseases. Often we try to find and fix these types of problems before even looking where they coming from in order to create solutions for it. According by The Lindesmith Center, New York City by 1994, 125,000 people had developed AIDS as a result of injecting drugs with unsterile syringes and over a third of new AIDS cases stem from injection drug use.There are many ways people can stop this big increment or at least prevent them. The best way you can prevent such infections or diseases is to stop injecting drugs or never start using them, go to programs where they can help you with these types of things such as substance abuse. If you continue to inject drugs, always use new, sterile syringes and never use more than once or share syring es, needles, water or other drug preparation materials.Do not share toothbrushes, razors and other items that may be contaminated with blood. Tattooing or body piercing may also increase the risk of infection and always, always practice safe sex. Second, the exchange of dirty hypodermic needles for clean one, or the sale of clean ones program is need to create more knowledge to those people who still ignore the big consequences that the exchange of needle can cause to their life and health. We, as part of this society, must show greater interest in our health.According to the Massachusetts statewide harm reduction coalition, this program of exchanging used dirty needles for new ones is a big step and it promises to provide these syringes through different courses and manuals explaining how and why it is best to do this instead of keep using the same needles that others might have used since these can cause infections and diseases to many more people. Also, it offered information and counseling about these diseases as how we can avoid them and prevent them, as also about drugs and sex among others.However, many people are still against these types of programs because they think that instead of helping our society to reduce the large number of infected people caused by the mishandling of dirty needles injections with these programs, it will make them increase; According to them people will consume more and will became more addicted because of it. I do not agree with this kind of assertion because it is a complete lie that because of information and the exchange of a needle people will consume more, at least there is still nothing that can prove it.In the other hand, there are many articles and studies that prove as the use of needle exchanges increases, the use of shared needles decreases according to the Lindesmith Center, New York City. In conclusion, I think the exchange of dirty hypothermic needle to clean ones, or the sale of clean ones is very important fo r us and our society because along with this, people will be more safe and well inform since the lack of information that some of us have according to these type of situations.Many people get infected because of their negligence for example, tattooing with needles that have been used by others or as most cases injecting drugs using the same syringe of another person. In the future, if these type of issues continue without something that can stop it or at least prevent it like the program that a lot of states have â€Å"exchanging a dirty hypodermic needle for a new one† the amount of people infected will be much greater than we think.

Burger King Franchising in Saudi Arabia Essay Example

Burger King Franchising in Saudi Arabia Essay Example Burger King Franchising in Saudi Arabia Essay Burger King Franchising in Saudi Arabia Essay Burger King Franchising in Saudi Arabia Name: Course: Lecturer: Institution: Date: Burger King Franchising in Saudi Arabia Introduction Franchising has becoming a lucrative business in Saudi Arabia. Since its inception in Saudi Arabia, the success rates are extremely high while the unsuccessful rates are extremely low. As a result, many businesspersons in Saudi Arabia have taken advantage of these opportunities and ventured into this industry. According to statistics, many people in Saudi Arabia are looking for quality goods and services. In this case, the American industries have also taken these opportunities and they have vigorously marketed their products in the Saudi Arabian market. This has resulted to businesspersons franchising using the American companies. One of the most prominent brands commonly franchised in Saudi Arabia due to its fame, quality and advantages is Burger King. Discussion Franchising can be described as when a company decides to use a brand that is common in the market to distribute goods and services to the customers. In this case, the buying company is expected to display all the brands to the company. The employees are expected to wear the company colors if it is the company policy. Moreover, the buying company is expected to follow the policies of the mother company (Olayan Group of Companies, 2012). In case the franchise company needs to introduce a new policy, all the other companies are consulted and are expected to follow. Burger King was founded in Florida, America by Keith and his wife. They were inspired by the McDonald brothers. However, the company has been marred by difficulties all through despite the significant growth that it took all over the years until present. Franchising of Burger king in Saudi Arabia started in 1990, by Olayan Financing Company (Olayan Group of Companies, 2012). The group started opening several Burger King Restaurants where people came to eat. The business continued to boom and currently there are many Burger King Restaurants that are currently opened in Saudi Arabia. In Saudi Arabia, Burger King Restaurants have been opened in the metropolitan areas of Riyadh, Jeddah and Dammam. Olayan Group of Companies has introduced other Burger King Restaurant in Makkah, Hofuf and Jubail. This clearly shows that the people of Saudi Arabia embraced the burgers and they are asking for more in the restaurant. This increase in customers has led to the significant growth of the Burger King Restaurants in Saudi Arabia. Additionally, the opening of the new restaurants is a testimony of immense growth of the Burger King Franchise in Saudi Arabia. Recently, the Olayan Company has introduced new products that will suit the Muslim community and will not affect their religion. This new product is referred to as the ‘big king.’ Literally, the burger is huge thus; it is corresponding with the name. The regional Burger King Franchise is promoting the new product using slogans like ‘big king, big taste, more meat and less bread’ (Olayan Group of Companies, 2012). According to the financial data, Olayan Group of Companies Chief Executive Officers indicates that the new product has been embraced by the customers and revenues have increased significantly. According to the Burger King Headquarters, the Saudi Arabian Burger King Franchise has been the most successful franchise internationally. As a result, the management team was awarded with a trip to Miami as their price money. This shows that the Burger King Franchise in Saudi Arabia has had a significant growth in Saudi Arabia more than the other franchises internationally. In this case, Franchise business in Saudi Arabia is booming business for the businesspersons to venture in since the risk rate is low while the success rate is high. The advertising of the Burger King Restaurant in Saudi Arabia is extremely different from the other franchises in other companies. This is because the advertisements must respect the Muslim religion. If not it means that the company is disrespecting the Muslims. This will result the company loosing most of their customers to their competitors. In this case, there is one advertisement that has been developed for the purposes of advertising in Saudi Arabia (Olayan Group of Companies, 2012). It is because of such strategies, the Burger King Restaurant in Saudi Arabia is flourishing. Finally, after Saudi Arabia won the bid to hold world cup, the management of the company has decided to introduce new strategies. These strategies are aimed at attracting potential customers who will come to watch the world cup in Saudi Arabia. In this case, the management has decided to introduce big screen television in the restaurants. This will encourage the hungry funs to watch the world cup while they are eating burger in the Burger king restaurant. This strategies shows Burger King Franchise in Saudi Arabia has potential growth in the near future (Olayan Group of Companies, 2012). Finally, all this success can be attributed to the newly promoted Burger King Franchise Chief Executive Officer Samer Al-Khawashki. He started as the marketing manager in 1993 when Burger King Restaurants were big opened in Saudi Arabia. At this time, the Olayan group Of Companies needed to promote the company so that they could create awareness to potential customers to increase the sales of the company. He took this task and he has promoted the companies name in Saudi Arabia resulting to the significant growth over the past few years (Olayan Group of Companies, 2012). Conclusion Franchising can be described as the process where a company distributes goods and services using another company’s brand name. In this case, it buys the rights from the mother company in order to use the brand. Burger King Franchising is Saudi Arabia has been significantly been growing since its inception. It first started in Riyadh but it has significantly grown creating new stores all over Saudi Arabia. Currently, the franchise is experiencing high revenues and it has a growth potential especially in the world cup season. References Olayan Group of Companies. (2012). Charting Strategies For the Future. Communique. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Olayan Group of Companies. (2012). Food Franchising in the Middle East. Retrieved from: olayan.com/operation_details.aspx?productid=17 Olayan Group of Companies. (2012). In the Big Apple. Communique. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

History of Hong Kongs Martial Arts Action Films Essays

History of Hong Kongs Martial Arts Action Films Essays History of Hong Kongs Martial Arts Action Films Paper History of Hong Kongs Martial Arts Action Films Paper Films from Hong Kong consist of many different genres however they are best known for their martial arts action films. The history of this genre is rocky with much confrontation growing into what is now so wildly accepted that Hollywood has grown a large appetite for Kung Fu action films. Starting back in 1924 in Shanghai, Tan Sri Runme Shaw began a film company known as Unique Film Productions where they produced many silent films. Silent films being both the first movies presented in Malaya and the most practical for they could be understood by many dialect groups in Singapore at that time, making these silent films an instant success with the masses (Shaw. com). With hopes of expanding the market, Shaw decided to move his business to Hong Kong to produce quality Chinese movies in 1959. This Shaw organization quickly gained the name Shaw Brothers as they began to dominate the film industry in Hong Kong. Similar to Hollywood at that time, the Shaw Brothers ran the studio on what is known as the star system and mass production. Top Chinese investors were eager to pour money into the company allowing the brothers to develop extensive studio facilities for post production including a colour laboratory to ensure consistent quality control (shaw. com). There was no match to the Shaw brothers flourishing business, quickly becoming the largest privately owned studio in the world. Until the Shaw Brothers a typical Hong Kong budget was around $800 HK dollars or less, while the Shaws films were extreme with budgets up to $50,000. By the 1970s their studios established itself as the best known and most successful movie producer in Hong Kong, producing over 40 films a year the output terms even rivaled with major Hollywood Studios. Raymond Chow, a top executive with Shaw Brothers decided he wished to explore his own options and left Shaw Studios and with Leonard Ho formed the company Golden Harvest Studios. Golden Harvest took chances on independent producers and crew. Chow knew it would take something really big to make the film world take notice and he was willing to try out new talent for a change (page 165). Golden Harvest studios didnt have to wait that long for success, in 1971 an already popular US Born Chinese cult figure was causing a buzz in the TV series circuit. Chow picked up on him quickly. This man was quickly signed to Golden Harvest which later introduced us to him as Little Dragon, or better known today as Bruce Lee. This was the break Golden Harvest needed, not to mention the action film genre. Bruce Lees first movie The Big Boss showed China a different type of hero, harder, faster, a more exciting kind of martial arts fighting (Yang, 145). At this time all other martial arts action films (which would have been mainly produced by the Shaw Brothers) were stiff combat of swordsmen films. The formula for these action flicks were growing old on the audiences and Lees films appeared to be excitingly different. The Big Boss was reflective of chinas street dealings. Bruce as the hero was not of the stereotypical martial arts hero, which would be a noble, stoic man in search for honourable revenge, Lees character was a street fighter, a juvenile delinquent who was a character the audience could relate to even with his deadly skillzzzzz. This breakthrough performance took Golden Harvest from an independent company to a contender against the infamous Shaw Brothers. Bruce lee had turned the Hong Kong movie Industry into Havoc, every independent film company searched for a Bruce Lee equivalent. The Shaw Brothers were almost a monopoly with the biggest actors, biggest directors, not to mention spending the most money on each film. But with Bruce Lee on the scene the giant had stumbled when they had lost Lee to Golden Harvest. His films had set the standard that everyone else wanted to follow in Kung Fu films. Jackie Chan, a fan and coworker to Bruce Lee in his early days believed Bruces movies are like seeds that never had the chance to sprout (Yang page 99). Lees last film Enter the Dragon was the first co-production between American and Hong Kong film studios. The film proved to be an international Hit, famous for its stunning martial art action sequences. When Lee tragically passed away at the age of 32 on July 20th, 1973 the Hong Kong action cinema was faced with a staleness that grew overwhelming. Bruce Lee died, People were not watching action films anymore, and they were turning to melodramas, romances, comedies, anything that did not appear to be a mockery of Bruce Lees genius. His death not only hurt Golden Harvest but the martial arts action industry as a whole. With Martial arts movies being less popular this meant most people in this field were out of work, especially stuntmen such as the now famous Jackie Chan. These stuntmen almost all shared a similar background in Chinese Opera, which is much different than Westernized Opera that we may be used too. It was here they would learn how to sing, fight and perform acrobatics. Many had no other qualifications for jobs besides stunts in action films, and work was becoming extremely scarce. With the major kung fu studios trying to find a replacement for Bruce Lee, everyone was forgetting the option of reinventing the martial arts movie. Jackie Chan wanted desperately to bring humor and humanity to a genre that seemed to have lost its sense of both (Yang pg 220). With several failed attempts Chan was giving the opportunity to have more creative freedom with the movie Half a Loaf of Kung Fu, which was the first real attempt of a martial arts parody movie. Chans producer who thought it was a flop put it in the vault with hopes never to release it. Jackie Chan was giving another chance, this time he incorporated a new style of Kung fu which he had invented called Cats Claw kung fu, involving him leaping around making meowing noises. Although not a real kung fu style, the acrobatics and tumbling that were incorporated looked amazing on camera, the fight was considered to be just as exciting as Bruce Lees battles yet completely unique in look, feel and tone (Yang pg 221). When Seasonal Films (an off branch that had started from Shaw Brother Films) had finished the production, they realized that the finished film was different from any kung fu movie ever made. The film was Snake in Eagles Shadow which turned out to be a blockbuster hit, during its time it had become the biggest film in the history of Hong Kong, bigger than any of Bruce Lees films. His next film proved himself not to be a fluke; Drunken Master had been an even bigger hit than Shake in Eagles Shadow. In Drunken Master his team of stuntmen had created a whole new set of kung fu styles, called Eight Drunken Gods martial arts, and based on the drunken style kung fu that Wong Fei Hung was supposed to have practiced as his secret weapon. With these martial arts techniques they added wild acrobatics, street brawling, slapstick antics, comic mime, and even real drama (Yang pg 222). Actors such as Jackie Chan were not getting remotely comparable wages to Hollywood. Even after Chans success he was still receiving according to his strict contract $3,000(HK currency) when he was being offered 2. 7 Million dollars to sign with the now international production company Golden Harvest. Due to the Shaw Brothers control over the entertainment industry, there was the creation of Triads a group of Hong Kong gangsters who have been a part of the Hong Kong performing arts since the turn of the Century. Since many early film stars come from the opera, there was always a tie between the triads and the movies. The biggest fault can be laid at the feet of the Shaw Brothers, which basically controlled the movie industry until the rise of Golden Harvest. Shaw Brothers with their domination were able to pay slave like wages to its employees, even the major stars of China, got almost nothing to compensate. To survive, several actors and stuntmen turned to the triads, acting as small time muscle men to get money they werent getting as actors (Yang, 184). Jackie Chan found himself to be one of the many actors who were threatened by this mob into accepting an unacceptable contract with his past employer who was jealous of Chans success. These situations caused much of the Hong Kong talent to move to Hollywood where they would receive less threats, more money and world wide recognition. Hong Kong has been the second largest exporter of movies to North America, Europe and Pacific Rim countries in recent years with more than 200 films mostly action genre being churned out by a place with a population less than the size of New York City (alkdfjalkdjflaksjdf). With major Hong Kong talent moving to the United States, Chinas ticket sales have dropped from 45 million which once stood in 1989, down to 25 million as of last year, a downward trend which has been said to show no sign of slowing. Directors such as John Woo and Woo Ping who had made themselves famous while working in China, have become Hollywoods secret choreography and action scene weapons. In 1978, Woo Ping changed the direction of Kung Fu films in Hong Kong when he directed Jackie Chans Snake in the Eagles Shadow followed by Drunken Master films that are said to have saved Martial Arts action films. While John Woo left Hong Kong for Hollywood around seven years ago believing the industry slump is a result of hand over fears. John Woo is known now internationally for his stunning choreography in action scenes. Now a days not only the talent is expanding internationally but so is Studios such as Golden Harvest group, the studio that launched the careers of Bruce Lee, Jackie Chan and John Woo and began the Kung Fu style of the 1970s cinema is now leaving Hong Kong. They are in the process of finding a new site that may take it outside of Hong Kong. The Government of China has been trying to prevent the deterioration of this industry by grants to local film industry, up to 100 million Hong Kong dollars. What once was the worlds third largest film producer, behind the United States and India has now been cut to one third of its previous level because of the Asian Financial crisis. With the decline in quality films thanks to the departure of Hong Kong film makers and stars you have to wonder if China will be able to reestablish itself again in such a money absorbed industry.